domingo, 5 de julio de 2015
Industrialization
In the 19th
century there was already very present the idea of the industrial production in
the near future. The increasing society would need to be supplied with products
and houses, which can be accomplished with industrialization: mass producing.
When it comes to architecture modern architects were aware of this idea and
interested on how to achieve it, since it wasn’t as simple as with smaller
objects. They also
realized that industrialization also meant incorporating more finished
construction elements but less artisanal work. In the 1950
industrialized elements and techniques started to be incorporated speaking of
realm of architecture, first openings and then prefabricated products which
became part of the system.
Le Corbusier: Ozenfant’s Workshop, Paris, 1922
The saw
tooth roof is a solution from the industrial world.
Ernst May: Siedlung Paunheim, Frankfurt, 1926-29
Communist architect sets up a system
of industrialization of construction: precast-concrete panel that allows building
the walls fast and saving money.
Unité d’Habitation,
Marseille, 1947-52
Le Corbusier proposed the reconstruction of Europe by means of
his Unité d’Habitation, a collective
housing solution base on 18-sotrey
slab block for about 1600 inhabitants
which would locate on parkland in suburban
areas. The impelling idea was to build a reinforced concrete
rigid frame and after this, he wanted to incorporate the prefabricated housing
units. The housing unit consists of a duplex
apartment with access through a central corridor. Le Corbusier introduces the concept of dry construction, that is to say, the fast
assembly of a house without using wet techniques such as brickwork or the
application of plaster. He also wanted to standardize
all the sizes of the Unité d’Habitattion to be able to repeat them
industrially.
"A house is a machine for living in", Le Corbusier
La Cittá
Nuova, Antonio Sant’Elia
This is an example
of futurism architecture, it was the result of machine + industrialization
Molded Fiberglass Chair, Charles and Ray Eames (1948)
The first industrially produced plastic chair presented in the 'Low-Cost Design' competition in 1948'
Etiquetas:
arquitectura en serie,
industrialización,
Le Corbusier
miércoles, 1 de julio de 2015
Espacio
Espacio
"La arquitectura es la voluntad de la época concebida en términos espaciales. " Mies van de Rohe 1923
El cambio en planta i la percepción de esta.
Del espacio funcional al multifuncional.
Algo que caracterizó el movimiento moderno fue el racionalismo, la arquitectura tenía que ser meramente funcional, tenía que responder a ciertas exigencias. Este pensamiento sigue siendo contemporáneo pero nuestras exigencias han cambiado. La ciudades están en continuo cambio, los edificios cambian de uso constantemente, lo que ha creado una nueva percepción del espacio. Como dice en el articulo Love It or List It "Odiamos los pasillos porque reducen la versatilidad tomando cada habitación una sola función ... Odiamos los armarios empotrados porque impiden la reconfiguración espacial y no tienen ruedas ... Amamos el wifi porque permite descontextualizar los usos asignados a los diferentes espacios domésticos, creando nuevos programas híbridos", esto muestra una nueva idea del espacio, el cual no solo cumple una función sino que se adapta a los distintos usos que pueda llegar a tener según el usuario. Los espacios han pasado a ser multifuncionales. Esta es la consecuencia de los adelantos tecnológicos de los últimos años así como de nuestra cultura. En el siglo pasado resultaría imposible pensar que un estudio, habitación, o salón podían compartir o ser el mismo espacio. Un estudio por lo general requería de una buena iluminación y un espacio amplio para tener estanterías y/o armarios, la habitación era un espacio privado, mientras que el salón era un espacio semipúblico donde se estaba la mayor parte del tiempo. Ahora puedes tener una habitación con un sofá cama, un armario y con una mesa y puede funcionar como salón o habitación, y si tienes un ordenador y wifi puede llegar a ser un estudio y posiblemente esta habitación en un futuro tendrá otro uso. Como ejemplo de estos espacios, a veces únicos, y multifuncionales son los pisos "loft" característicos de Manhattan. Seguimos pensando que la arquitectura debe ser funcional pero las exigencias han cambiado y nuestro modo de vivir también, las ciudades cada vez están mas pobladas y los espacios multifuncionales dan respuesta a esta problemática del siglo XXI.
La Forma
Para Le Corbusier las formas primarias le resultaban hermosas porque se pueden apreciarse claramente pero Sant elia tenia otra opinión muy diferente, para él la líneas oblicuas y elípticas eran mas dinámicas y emotivas que las perpendiculares y horizontales. Si miramos los obras de arquitectos en las últimas décadas, como Norman Foster, Zaha Hadid, Calatrava, Oscar Niemeyer e incluso el mismo Le Corbusier, vemos como nos estamos moviendo a una arquitectura en donde la forma general de los edificios a dejado de ser rectilínea a una mas orgánica, curvilínea. Lo interesante es que esto cambia el espacio interior y como se utiliza. Los espacios interiores ya no son las habitaciones de 4 paredes a las que estamos acostumbrados; ahora son dinámicos, incluso podemos encontrarnos frente a muros de cristal o que no haya ni siquiera muros, solo unos cuantos pilares. Las nuevas herramientas y métodos constructivos nos han permitido experimentar con formas que antes eran impensables o no les resultaba atractiva a antiguas generaciones.
Oscar Niemeyer: interior del museo contemporaneo Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro (1996)
jueves, 11 de diciembre de 2014
Functionalism
Functionalism
There is many concepts of how buildings should
be built. All of them go to the result which says – architects
should design a building with its meaning or, in other words, based
on the purpose of that space. According
to Franco-Swiss architect Le Corbusier architecture
is art only when it is functional for users.
When
you start thinking about space, everyone needs to understand, what is
this place for, what people will come here and why. In libraries it
is important to organize storage for books and working area, in
concert hall you need to hear music and see properly what is
happening on the scene. That means every place has its own demands.
Room planning, colors, physic laws and many other things are helping
to implement these requirements.
The
other related to the topic popular aphorism of Le Corbusier is “
To create an architecture is to put in order. Put in order what?
Function and objects”. It is not just you have to put all things
with its function but, moreover, they should be located in the right
place and proper order.
The
history of this way of thinking begins when American architect Louis
Sullivan coined his well-known maxim ” Form ever follows
function.”. That's how he wast trying to interpret that size,
massing and many other characteristics need to
be chosen according to the function of the building
.
The connotation of Le Corbusier was also trying to express that if all
functional aspects are satisfied, beauty and impression in
architecture will naturally and necessarily appear.
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The functionalism is related mostly to modern architecture. Nowadays it is also seen as the eradication of ornament in favor of austere beauty of the industrial aesthetic. It had big influence in many countries, especially, in Germany, Czechoslovakia and Netherlands. Franco-Swiss architect Le Corbusier and German architect Mies Van der Rohe, who was also functionalist, were doing projects which are lying in the roots of modern architecture. After seeing them admiring and creating new style which the main idea was functionalism, many got much excited about this new method of organizing space in architecture. Functionalism was a dominant architectonic style in former Czechoslovakia in the period of 1935-1970.
Mies
Van der Rohe was trying to create a new type in architecture where he
saw building by ”skin and bones”. Here are some of his most
pivotal projects ”Barcelona Pavilion” and ”Villa Tugenhat”;
in them and many other works he was trying to express functionalism
and his dictum ”less is more” that became very well-known in
architectural world.
German
school of art Bauhaus was founded initially by architect Walter
Gropius in 1919. The word Bauhaus came from the word ”hausbau”
meaning construction. It was identified with functionalism as it was
built during those times and one of its directors was Mies Van
der Rohe. The word ” functionalism” became the slogan for this
school. The objects which were designed there were
believed not to only fit their purpose but also to be right for human
eye.
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